Доклады Международного конгресса ИИСАА. Т. 1

II. Middle East, Caucasus and Central Asia / Ближний Восток, Кавказ и Центральная Азия 90 Proceedings of the International Congress on Historiography and Source Studies of Asia and Africa.Vol. I. 2020 British Indian forces for two years (March 1919 —November 1920). Then, he went to Calcutta and began to work on cataloguing Oriental manuscripts at the Asiatic Society of Bengal, where he enjoyed memorable support as well as encountering resistance for ten years until end of 1930, 1 after which he decided to look for a new job. At the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Ivanow was observing, as well as experienc- ing, the rise of Indian nationalism and an increasing resistance against Europeans. Although the idea of nationalism in India emerged in the nineteenth century, with its expression in the 1857 First War of Independence (also known as Sepoy Mutiny), freedom from colonial rule became a burning topic in the early twentieth century. Ini- tially, Indian identity was defined within the framework of opposition to British rule. Differences of opinion emerged when different parties formulated their post-inde- pendence visions for an independent India and Indian nationalism. The Congress Party adopted a secular universalist approach and defined ‘Indian nationalism’ as a secular idea based on a territorial criterion. 2 Hindu nationalists, particularly the followers of Hindutva, harshly criticized the leaders of the Congress, 3 and regarded India’s national identity in terms of Hinduism, defining Indian culture as Hindu culture, into which minorities have to be assimilated by their paying allegiance to the symbols and main- 1 Ivanow W. Autobiography. P. 70–74. 2 Jaffrelot C. Introduction: The Invention of an Ethnic Nationalism // Jaffrelot C. (ed.). Hindu Nationalism: A Reader. New Jersey, 2007. P. 3–25. 3 Aloysius G. Trajectory of Hindutva // Economic and Political Weekly . 1994. Vol. 29, No. 24. P. 1450–1452. Calcutta, European Quarter, 1920