XXX Международный конгресс ИИСАА. 19–21 июня 2019 г. Т. 2

Секция XVII 192 XXX Международный Конгресс по источниковедению и историографии стран Азии и Африки “modernity”. In Juche ideology, one notes almost the same tendencies — to purge Korea of its foreign contamination, to revive the nation from its decline, and to rise above capitalistic, alienating modernity; the means of doing so is to be constantly vigilant against the west, and in order to guard itself against the United States and its South Korean puppet, North Korea must become thoroughly modernised, if not going beyond it. Although there is no direct evidence that the 1942 Conference had a direct influence on North Korea, the parallelisms can be explained by the wartime Japanese education of the early ideologues of North Korea, notably Hwang Jang-yop, [ 黃長 燁 ] who was the leading theorist of the Juche doctrine. Hwang had studied at the night school of the Law Department at Chūō University in Tokyo between January 1942 and January 1944, until he was enlisted into the Imperial JapaneseArmy, where he served until surrender in August 1945 1 . He would no doubt have been exposed to the institutional and ideological norms such as Japanism [ 日本主義 ] and Japan’s version of what would become North Korea’s “military-first politics”. [ 先軍政治 ] Hwang became speech writer for Kim Il-sung and Chol Yong-gon 2 . Juche was first formularised in a speech by Kim Il-sung in 1955. In another speech from as late as January 1964 on the status and development of the Korean language, some twenty years into the establishment of the DPRK, Kim criticised the continued Japanese legacy. “Some people continue to use Japanese terms; they say ‘wuwagi’ [ うわぎ, 上著 ] for what should be ‘yangbok jogori’ (jacket), and they say ‘zibaong’ [ ズボ ン , zubon 3 ] for what should be ‘yangbok baji’ (trousers)” 4 . 3. Imports from Japan: Technological and Ideological The supposedly self-reliant and self-confident North Korean state, which had announced its successful socialist transformation in 1958 with the completion of agricultural collectivisation, and the launching of the first seven-year plan in 1961 together with a “Chollima Campaign” [ 千里馬運動 ] to boost productivity, would come to rely on Japanese technological equipment. Imports from Japan increased from 1.6 billion yen to 5.9 billion yen in 1961–1965, reaching 8.4 billion yen in 1970 5 . Ikeda Hayato, who took over as Prime Minister in 1960 from the virulent anti- 1 Hwang, Huigulu, 20. 2 Hwang, Huigulu, 37–38, 40–41. In 1947 Hwang joined the Korean Communist Party and was sent in 1949 for further studies in Moscow. Coming back to North Korea after the end of hostilities in 1953 he served as lecturer and eventually chancellor at the Kim Il-sung Comprehensive University. 3 “Zubon” came from an Edo-era misunderstanding of the French word “Jupon” meaning “petticoat”. 4 Kim, “Fazhan Chaoxianyu de Jige Wenti”, in Xuanji vol. 4, 8. 5 Kimura, Hidden Aspect, 85. Part of the reason was the unreliability of Soviet aid; power generators to be installed at Pyongyang and Pukchang were slow to arrive, and both projects