XXX Международный конгресс ИИСАА. 19–21 июня 2019 г. Т. 1

Источниковедение и историография Арабских стран к 150-летию академика В. В. Бартольда (1869–1930). Ч. 1 105 Abū Ḥammū III Mūsā b. Muḥammad III (923–934 H./1516–1528). The latter seized the throne with the help of the Spanish, which caused the former to call for help to the Turks installed in Algiers. In September 1517 ‘Arūdj defeated Abū Ḥammū III and managed to seize the stronghold, while taking the decision to assassinate his protégé, Abū Zayyān, and take over the Tlemcen government. A short time later, the Spanish, who had hosted Abū Ḥammū III in Oran, won back the stronghold and put ‘Arūdj to death in the autumn of 1518 (Le Tourneau 1986, 678; Bargès 1887, 427–437; al-Wazzan 1556, 239; López de Gomara 1853, 371–379; Mármol Carvajal 1573, 180 vº–183 vº; Haedo 1612, 53rº–55 rº). Abū Ḥammū III returned to the throne and became a vassal, committing himself to the payment of tributes (Mármol Carvajal 1573, 183 rº; Gutiérrez Cruz 2012, 291). Throughout this process, the Spaniards employed the tactic of attrition which they had already used in the conquest of the Nasrid sultanate of Granada, fomenting the internal rivalries among the ruling dynasties, as well as the discontentment of the Muslim population. Despite its political decline, Tlemcen retained an important economic activity, encouraged by the ‘Abd al-Wadids dynasty, while projecting its production of fabrics and metal objects, especially harnesses for horses (Mármol Carvajal 1573, 89 vº, 176 rº–177 rº). Even so, the continuity of its commercial relations with both sub- Saharan Africa and Europe was more important, allowing it to achieve significant urban development and become the “gateway” to the Mediterranean basin for caravans fromwithin the interior ofAfrica (Lawless 1975; Daouadi 2009). During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, North Africa had become the economic “engine” of the Mediterranean, thanks to the traffic of gold and slaves, thus leading to its occupation by Christian merchants; Tlemcen became “the city of honest merchants”, in which Spaniards, French and Italians made regular stops which included other important locations: Bejaïa, Constantine, Tunisia, Ceuta, Tangier, Oran, or Fez, which enabled communication with the Bilād al-Sūdān (Braudel 1987, 619–621; Kaye 1997, 752–761; al-Wazzan 1556, 239; Mármol Carvajal 1573, 171 vº–172 rº, 176 vº). From the twenties of the sixteenth century on, there was a decline in the traffic of gold in North African ports due to three possible causes: the growing competition among Spaniards, French and English; the increase in production costs; and the increasing entry into Europe of precious metals from America (Braudel 1987, 622–630). The situation became stabilized to a large extent when the Turks and NorthAfrican Sharifs ( ashrāf or shurafā’ ) began to control the situation in the decades that followed, but the possibility of converting the Maghreb into a “European market” had been lost (Braudel 1987, 628). Vasco de Quiroga’s Intervention in Africa In 1525, Vasco de Quiroga was commissioned by the Crown as an investigator judge ( juez de residencia ) in Oran, under the jurisdiction of the Royal Chancery of Granada, to which he belonged in administrative and jurisdictional terms (ARChV,